![\"A](\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/covertactionmagazine.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/a-person-in-a-suit-and-tie-smiling-description-au-1.jpeg?resize=220%2C209&ssl=1\")
Few People Know Who Maurice Tempelsman Despite the Outsized Influence That He Has Played on U.S. Foreign Policy in Africa<\/h2>\n
Maurice Tempelsman is a billionaire Democratic Party power broker and donor in his 90s who is chairman of the\u00a0board of directors<\/a>\u00a0of\u00a0Lazare Kaplan International Inc.<\/a>\u00a0(LKI), the largest diamond company in the U.S., and partner in Leon Tempelsman & Son, which has lucrative mining interests throughout Africa.<\/p>\n Born in Antwerp, Belgium, Tempelsman persuaded the U.S. government in 1950 to stockpile\u00a0African<\/a>\u00a0diamonds<\/a>\u00a0for industrial and military purposes, with him as\u00a0middleman<\/a>.<\/p>\n Four decades later, Templesman accompanied Bill Clinton on a trip to Central Africa where Clinton expanded U.S. support for the Rwandan and Ugandan governments as they invaded the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) in order to plunder its diamond and mineral wealth.<\/p>\n Tempelsman also developed a plan for Angola that would bring the right-wing party, UNITA, into the government and allow his companies to bring U.S.-made deep mining equipment into the country and then market the stones that were mined.[1]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n Tempelsman\u2019s deep intelligence ties were reflected in his serving as a chairman of the Africa-America Institute, a CIA front involved in propaganda and bringing African leaders to study in the U.S., and director of the National Democratic Institute for International Affairs (NDI), an adjunct of the National Endowment for Democracy (NED), which finances pro-U.S. leaders around the world whose political platform resembles that of the Democratic Party and will serve U.S. foreign policy objectives.<\/p>\n After Templesman was discovered to have plotted a coup in 1961 against Kwame Nkrumah in Ghana, where he had invested in diamond mines, George Ball described Templesman to McGeorge Bundy as \u201ca rather dubious fellow\u2026smooth, soft-spoken..a manipulator,\u201d who had been a generous donor to the Republican Party during the Eisenhower administration but had now emerged as a \u201cDemocrat and great friend of the New Frontier.\u201d[2]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n In the Congo, Tempelsman cultivated close ties with Joseph Mobutu, the DRC ruler from 1965 to 1998 who gave De Beers\u2014which Tempelsman worked closely with\u2014access to the DRC\u2019s uncut diamonds. Mobutu\u00a0helped Tempelsman<\/a>\u00a0to become a millionaire many times over, as the two shared ownership interests in Zaire\u2019s two main diamond mining concerns, MIBA and Britmond, and Mobutu helped Templesman gain ownership stakes in the Tenke Fungurume Mining Company, a major copper mining firm which Tempelsman had helped form.[3]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n According to a 1979\u00a0Washington Post<\/em>\u00a0article, Tempelsman\u2019s influence on U.S. policy was apparent in his ability to vet the U.S. ambassadors to the Congo.[4]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0During the 1960\/61 Congo crisis, he reportedly \u201cworked hand in glove with the CIA Station in Congo,\u201d according to political scientist David Gibbs.[5]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0This close working relationship was evident when he hired Larry Devlin, the CIA\u2019s station chief in Congo from 1960 to 1967, to work for him after Devlin left the CIA (if he ever did).[6]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n Devlin was a key figure in the January 1961 assassination of the DRC\u2019s first Prime Minister, Patrice Lumumba, a Pan-Africanist who wanted to strengthen the power of the DRC\u2019s central government and assert national control over the DRC\u2019s rich mineral wealth.[7]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n Stuart A. Reid has recently published\u00a0The Lumumba Plot: The Secret History of the CIA and a Cold War Assassination\u00a0<\/em>(New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2023) that received glowing reviews in establishment media outlets like\u00a0The Atlantic<\/em>\u00a0and\u00a0The New York Times<\/em>.<\/p>\n Incredibly, Tempelsman is nowhere mentioned in the book except in a line at the end where Reid mentions that he hired Devlin after Devlin left the CIA. Several other books have\u00a0suggested<\/a>\u00a0that Tempelsman was key to engineering the coup against Lumumba after he pledged to return Congo\u2019s diamond wealth to the Congolese people.[8]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n Reid is an executive editor of\u00a0Foreign Affairs<\/em>, the in-house journal of the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR), Wall Street\u2019s think tank, which has been promoting an imperialist U.S. foreign policy since its founding in 1921.[9]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n Tempelsman is a member of the CFR, so his omission from Reid\u2019s book is predictable.<\/p>\n A reasonable question, then, is why a CFR-connected writer would take on a sordid episode in the CIA\u2019s history. The apparent answer is that Reid\u2019s book is what is known in Agency parlance as a \u201climited hangout\u201d whose central purpose is damage control.<\/p>\n In other words, the U.S. foreign policy establishment and CIA are willing to admit to some wrongdoing that has already been exposed, though obscure the motive underlying the criminal conduct and attempt to create the impression that the U.S. is not doing such bad things anymore.<\/p>\n Significantly, Reid omits the CIA and other U.S. government agencies\u2019 support for the Rwandan-Ugandan invasions of the DRC in the 1990s and 2000s, resulting in grave war crimes and plunder of the DRC\u2019s rich mineral resources, in a stark continuity from Lumumba\u2019s day.<\/p>\n CovertAction Magazine<\/em>\u00a0reported<\/a>\u00a0on the recent visit of Director of National Intelligence Avril Haines to the DRC at a time when Rwanda has embarked on a renewed offensive in eastern Congo that the U.S. was supporting.<\/p>\n So what better time to bring out a book that sanitizes the past and suggests that, while the U.S. may have done some wrong, it was now cleaning up its act and should go on with its work of trying to bring \u201cstability\u201d and \u201cdemocracy\u201d to a troubled region?<\/p>\n Reid opens his book with a description of a police raid in the Belgian countryside of the home of Godelieve Soete, whose father Gerard was a Belgian colonial police officer who had helped dispose of Lumumba\u2019s body by dissolving part of it in acid.<\/p>\n Soete took as a trophy one of Lumumba\u2019s teeth, which he stored in a box that he left with his daughter, along with spent bullets used in Lumumba\u2019s killing.<\/p>\n Lumumba\u2019s death fit a pattern of cruelty endemic to Belgian colonialism in the Congo.<\/p>\n After Belgian King Leopold established personal sovereignty over the Congo in the 1880s, Congolese villagers who did not meet rubber quotas had their huts burned and limbs hacked off.<\/p>\n Mass starvation and disease caused the Congo\u2019s population to drop in half from 1880 to 1920, by which time Leopold sold the Congo to Belgium.<\/p>\n Patrice Lumumba was a member of the Batetela tribe, born into humble circumstances in rural Congo, who discovered a talent for oratory while working as a postal clerk and beer salesman in the 1950s.<\/p>\n After Lumumba became a leader in the Congolese National Movement (MNC) party, Joseph Mobutu, an army officer and journalist also born into humble circumstances, served as his private secretary.<\/p>\n Reid found evidence to suggest that Mobutu\u2019s treachery was evident as early as 1956 when he was first put on the payroll of Belgian intelligence, which passed on his information to the CIA station in Brussels where Lawrence Devlin worked.[10]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n After Lumumba traveled to Conakry and attended a Pan-African conference in Accra hosted by Ghanaian leader Kwame Nkrumah, he became enthralled by the idea of African unity.<\/p>\n Belgian and American consular officials focused on Lumumba\u2019s arrest on embezzlement charges in their negative characterizations of him, though Lumumba had sold company goods on the black market because he was not being paid adequately and had a young family to support and later repaid his debt.[11]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n CIA Director Allen Dulles called Lumumba an \u201cirresponsible embezzler susceptible to bribery and communist influence,\u201d[12]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0obscuring the real reasons that the U.S. government opposed him.[13]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n The racism of U.S. officials was further apparent when Dulles told U.S. President Dwight Eisenhower that some 80 political parties were vying for political power in the Congo,<\/p>\n Eisenhower quipped that he did not realize so many people in the Congo could read (in fact, Congo\u2019s literacy rate, at 40%, was among the highest in Africa, with access to primary school being widespread). Eisenhower also agreed with an aide who said that \u201cmany Africans still belonged in the trees.\u201d[14]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n At the DRC\u2019s independence ceremony, Lumumba earned the ire of Belgian authorities when he gave a powerful speech denouncing Belgian colonialism in front of King Baudouin.[15]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n After he took office, Lumumba had to deal with an army mutiny and secessionist movement in the mineral-rich Katanga province backed by Moise Tshombe, a \u201cwalking museum of colonialism,\u201d along with Belgium and right-wing elements in the U.S.<\/p>\n U.S. diplomats accused Lumumba of waging a genocide against ethnic Baluba in Katanga and contributing to the DRC\u2019s implosion through his misrule. He was further accused of being a pawn of the Soviet Union even though Reid\u2019s account shows that Lumumba was an independent nationalist.<\/p>\n The UN played a largely dishonorable role in the Congo crisis of 1961 by doing little to protect Lumumba and effectively siding with the Western powers.<\/p>\n The CIA had poured money into anti-Lumumba candidates in Congo\u2019s first election, favoring Mobutu whom Lawrence Devlin, Mobutu\u2019s adviser, described as \u201can extremely intelligent man\u2026with great potential.\u201d[16]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n Early in Lumumba\u2019s tenure as Prime Minister, Devlin coordinated anti-Lumumba riots by paying the protesters, in collaboration with a Belgian plantation owner.[17]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0Devlin and his CIA colleagues also\u00a0made payments<\/a>\u00a0to Mobutu to ensure the loyalty of key army officers and the support of legislative leaders, forged contacts with labor unions and student groups, subsidized newspapers and initiated \u201cblack\u201d broadcasts<\/a>\u00a0from a radio station in Brazzaville across the border to encourage a revolt against Lumumba.[18]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n Orders for Lumumba\u2019s assassination came directly from President Eisenhower. Devlin was put in touch with the CIA\u2019s \u201cDoctor Death,\u201d Sidney Gottlieb, who traveled to the Congo under the name of Sidney Braun. Gottlieb showed Devlin a special poison he had concocted for Lumumba that would not show up in any autopsy.[19]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n The CIA\u2019s plan for killing Lumumba was never implemented because Mobutu and Tshombe\u2019s forces and the Belgians got to Lumumba first.<\/p>\n Nevertheless, Washington was deeply complicit in Lumumba\u2019s death: It pressured UN troops to stop protecting him so that he could be kidnapped and ignored pleas by Lumumba\u2019s supporters to secure his release.[20]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0Devlin further gave the green light for Lumumba\u2019s transfer into the arms of Moise Tshombe whose forces murdered him in the company of their Belgian advisers.[21]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n Afterwards, a CIA agent drove around Elizabethville (Lubumbashi) with Lumumba\u2019s body in the trunk. The CIA in turn worked to ensure that his supporters were politically marginalized and the Johnson administration supported a large-scale covert military operation against them after they took up arms against the corrupt Mobutuist state.<\/p>\n Reid\u2019s book provides a cogent summary of political developments in the DRC that points to the CIA\u2019s deep complicity in Lumumba\u2019s assassination.<\/p>\n But the book also has some clear misrepresentations and biases.<\/p>\n Firstly, it appears to underplay the CIA\u2019s direct role in Lumumba\u2019s death, relying too much on Devlin\u2019s account, which in the words of historian Susan Williams, was a \u201ctissue of lies.\u201d<\/p>\n Reid entirely leaves out the fact that a CIA linked airline managed by a CIA front, Air Congo, was used to transport Lumumba from Kasai where he was captured to Leopoldville and then Katanga where he was killed.[22]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n Reid also leaves out the existence of a CIA operation involving U.S. Air Force personnel flying French fighter jets in support of Moise Tshombe\u2019s forces as a counterweight against Lumumba.[23]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n Reid\u2019s depiction of Lumumba too often echoes policy makers in being negative.<\/p>\n Reid makes it seem that Lumumba was a failure as a leader of the Congo when, in fact, he faced insurmountable crises, was a man of integrity, and had a progressive vision for his country to which Reid pays short shrift.<\/p>\n Reid barely touches on Lumumba\u2019s Pan-African ideals, and connection to Ghanaian leader Kwame Nkrumah, a titan in the Pan-African movement who was overthrown in a CIA-backed coup in 1966. Reid furthermore does not discuss how Lumumba\u2019s attempts to assert local control over Congo\u2019s economy made him a target for a regime-change operation similar to the ones undertaken by the CIA in Guatemala, Cuba and Iran and in countries like Venezuela and Nicaragua today.<\/p>\n Reid seems critical of Lumumba\u2019s attempt to suppress the Katangan secessionists, when the latter were financed by the colonial powers and their agents with the goal of weakening the Congo.<\/p>\n Additionally, Reid repeats a rumor that may have been spread as part of CIA disinformation\u2014that Lumumba requested a white blond when he visited New York\u2014that reinforces the stereotype of Africans\u2019 supposedly ravenous sexuality.<\/p>\n The Lumumba Plot\u2019s<\/em>\u00a0function as a \u201climited hangout\u201d is evident when Reid dismisses as \u201cconspiracy theory\u201d the suggestion that UN Secretary-General Dag Hammerskj\u00f6ld\u2019s plane went down because it was sabotaged by hardline supporters of Katangan secession in collaboration with the Belgian or other Western intelligence services. Susan Williams\u2019 study,\u00a0Who Killed Hammerskj\u00f6ld?: The U.N., the Cold War and White Supremacy in Africa<\/em>\u00a0(New York: Columbia University Press, 2012), provides substantial evidence for this, which Reid dismisses.[24]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n When discussing Ralph Bunche, a U.S. State Department envoy to the UN and former Office of Strategic Services (OSS) operative, Reid acknowledges his bias against Lumumba, whom Bunche compared to Hitler, but fails to note how Bunche was trying to cut a deal with Tshombe, which Lumumba figured out.<\/p>\n Reflective of an elitist contempt for left-wing guerrilla movements, Reid is far too disparaging of the pro-Lumumba rebels leading the so-called Simba revolt against Mobutu\u2019s government after Lumumba\u2019s assassination, failing to articulate their grievances or vision for social change, as well as the brutal way in which the rebellion was suppressed.[25]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n Reid could have generally drawn on more Congolese voices to help convey to readers just how catastrophic the CIA\u2019s covert manipulation was and how it set the stage for American predation on a massive scale.<\/p>\n For all the praise heaped on Reid\u2019s book in establishment media, it breaks little new ground over previous accounts of U.S. intervention and ignores the pivotal role played by figures other than Lawrence Devlin in coordinating the U.S. regime-change operation against Lumumba.<\/p>\n Reid claims to have interviewed Frank Carlucci, Deputy CIA Director under Jimmy Carter and Defense Secretary under Ronald Reagan who was Second Secretary in the U.S. Embassy in the Congo at the time Lumumba was killed, but does not discuss at all his role in the anti-Lumumba plot, which appears to have been significant.<\/p>\n Reid also leaves out the background of the U.S. ambassador to Belgium from 1959 to 1961 that called for Lumumba\u2019s assassination, William Burden, who headed a CIA front organization, and was director of American Metal Climax, a mining firm with heavy investment in Congo.[26]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n Reid attributes U.S. criminal conduct in Congo to paranoia about the spread of communism in the Cold War, underplaying the mining interests and economic imperatives driving U.S. foreign policy.[27]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n In the book,\u00a0Thy Will Be Done: The Conquest of the Amazon: Nelson Rockefeller and Evangelism in the Age of Oil<\/em>, Gerard Colby and Charlotte Dennett emphasize how, when Lumumba stated in a meeting that Congo under his leadership was now a sovereign country and that Belgium did not produce uranium and would not have a monopoly anymore, and that the U.S. would have to negotiate its own agreement, the Americans, \u201call of whom represented powerful financial interests, looked at one another and exchanged meaningful smiles.\u201d[28]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n Meaning that then and there, Lumumba\u2019s goose was cooked.<\/p>\n For all the resources and research assistance that Reid had, curiously, he does not reference Colby and Dennett\u2019s important study in his bibliography, nor other key books, like Wayne Madsen\u2019s\u00a0Genocide and Covert Operations in Central Africa 1993-1999<\/em>, which takes the story of CIA intervention in Congo forward\u2014something Reid refuses to do.<\/p>\n Besides Tempelsman, Reid fails to discuss Harold K. Hochschild,\u00a0a senior executive in American Metal C<\/a>limax Inc., which owned mines on the Congo-Zambia border, and financier of the Africa-America Institute, the CIA front organization for which Tempelsman was chairman.[29]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n Born in 1892 to a Jewish family in New York that owned the American Metal Company (AMCO\u2013precursor to American Metal Climax), which purchased interests in two of the world\u2019s largest copper mines in Africa and provided 10 percent of U.S. uranium production, Hochschild was a prominent Democratic Party contributor who helped finance Adlai Stevenson\u2019s 1956 presidential campaign.[30]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n According to journalist Keith Harmon Snow, Hochschild was also close with Allen Dulles whose law firm, Sullivan and Cromwell, did legal work for AMAX, which was formed in 1957 after the American Metal Company merged with Climax Molybdenum Company (AMAX was later incorporated into Phelps-Dodge which was itself acquired by Freeport McMoRan).[31]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n Both Tempelsman and Hochschild fashioned themselves anti-colonial liberals supportive of African independence movements but were shrewdly intent on manipulating postcolonial developments in Africa so they could grow their fortunes.<\/p>\n Their opposition to colonialism stemmed largely from their interest in breaking the colonial powers\u2019 monopoly over mining and other industries and in getting the post-colonial governments to open their economies to American investors and to promote free trade.[32]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n In the case of the Congo, Tempelsman opposed Katanga secession (which in the U.S. was a cause of the far right) and was happy to see Belgium relinquish its power so an opening could develop for him to take over its mining interests.[33]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n Tempelsman had very close ties with John F. Kennedy, supporting him in the 1960 election and arranging a meeting between Kennedy and Harry Oppenheimer, the famous South African investor. He employed Kennedy aide Theodore Sorenson, whom Mobutu hired to represent the Congo in a dispute with Belgian mining companies, as a lawyer, and Kennedy\u2019s Defense Secretary Robert S. McNamara as a lobbyist.[34]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n Tempelsman\u2019s influence on U.S. policy was levered in part through Adlai Stevenson, the U.S. Ambassador to the UN in 1961 and Democratic Party presidential candidate in 1952 and 1956, who had been his lawyer.[35]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0A friend of Harold Hochschild who counted American Metal Climax among his company\u2019s clients, Stevenson helped Tempelsman to successfully lobby for the scheme by which the U.S. government purchased industrial diamonds from the Congo to be used in the government\u2019s strategic stockpile, with Tempelsman acting as a middleman.[36]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n George H. Wittman also operated as a Tempelsman agent in Congo circa 1959-1960 onward and was on the payroll of the CIA, working under Devlin.[37]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n The Rockefellers were another major driver of U.S. foreign policy in the Congo that Reid leaves out. They were shareholders in Tanganyika Concessions Limited, which owned copper and uranium mines in Katanga, financed Templesman\u2019s Congo ventures, and owned stock with the Guggenheim group in Formini\u00e8re, a Belgian mining operation in Kasai province, directly north of Katanga.[38]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n Additionally, the Rockefellers acquired in full, or in part, a textile plant, an automobile distributor operation, a pineapple processor, a metal can producer, and a mineral prospecting firm in the Congo. The Rockefeller-controlled Socony-Vacuum Oil Company further owned service stations and gasoline storage terminals worth a total of twelve million dollars.[39]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n The Rockefellers had direct influence over the Kennedy administration through Secretary of State Dean Rusk, the former head of the Rockefeller Foundation, and Treasury Secretary C. Douglas Dillon, a\u00a0close friend of John Rockefeller III<\/a>\u00a0who was chairman of the Rockefeller Foundation from 1972 to 1975 and director of a major Wall Street investment bank, Dillon, Read & Co., which in 1958, floated a $15 million bond issue for the Belgian Congo colonial government.[40]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n Dillon was also an investor with the Belgians in Laurance Rockefeller \u2018s Congolese textile mill,\u00a0Filatures et Tissage Africains<\/em>, and in another of Laurance \u2018s holdings, Cegeac, which imported automobiles into the Congo.[41]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n As the number two official in the State Department, Dillon met directly with Lumumba when he visited the U.S., as Reid, failing to note his Rockefeller connection, points out, and told the 1975-1976 Church Committee investigating CIA abuses that he found Lumumba \u201cpsychotic\u201d and \u201cimpossible to deal with.\u201d[42]<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n![\"A](\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/covertactionmagazine.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/a-person-and-person-standing-next-to-each-other-d-1.jpeg?resize=696%2C789&ssl=1\")
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/covertactionmagazine.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/unnamed-5.jpg?resize=512%2C256&ssl=1\")
![\"A](\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/covertactionmagazine.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/a-book-cover-with-text-description-automatically.jpeg?resize=692%2C1024&ssl=1\")
![\"A](\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/covertactionmagazine.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/a-person-in-a-suit-smiling-description-automatica.jpeg?resize=696%2C464&ssl=1\")
![\"A](\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/covertactionmagazine.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/a-group-of-people-posing-for-a-photo-description.jpeg?resize=696%2C512&ssl=1\")
Lumumba\u2019s Rise and Fall<\/strong><\/h2>\n
![\"Assassinat](\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/covertactionmagazine.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/assassinat-de-patrice-lumumba-gerard-soete-jai.jpeg?resize=612%2C284&ssl=1\")
![\"A](\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/covertactionmagazine.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/a-black-and-white-photograph-of-leopold-ii-of-belg.jpeg?resize=590%2C332&ssl=1\")
![\"Two](\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/covertactionmagazine.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/two-men-hold-the-severed-hands-of-their-countrymen.jpeg?resize=696%2C392&ssl=1\")
![\"A](\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/covertactionmagazine.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/a-person-in-military-uniform-holding-a-glass-desc.jpeg?resize=429%2C650&ssl=1\")
![\"A](\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/covertactionmagazine.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/a-person-with-a-pipe-in-his-mouth-description-aut.jpeg?resize=696%2C938&ssl=1\")
![\"A](\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/covertactionmagazine.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/a-person-in-a-suit-and-tie-description-automatica-9.jpeg?resize=696%2C869&ssl=1\")
![\"Arriv\u00e9e](\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/covertactionmagazine.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/arrivee-du-roi-des-belges-baudouin-le-29-juin-19.jpeg?resize=696%2C503&ssl=1\")
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/covertactionmagazine.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/a-person-in-a-suit-and-tie-with-seated-lincoln-in.jpeg?resize=255%2C180&ssl=1\")
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/covertactionmagazine.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/word-image-65778-16.jpeg?resize=245%2C180&ssl=1\")
![\"A](\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/covertactionmagazine.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/a-person-in-a-suit-and-tie-sitting-at-a-table-des.jpeg?resize=696%2C464&ssl=1\")
Misrepresentations and Sins of Omission<\/h2>\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/covertactionmagazine.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/word-image-65778-18.png?resize=563%2C390&ssl=1\")
![\"A](\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/covertactionmagazine.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/a-group-of-men-walking-description-automatically.jpeg?resize=640%2C640&ssl=1\")
![\"Men](\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/covertactionmagazine.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/men-working-on-a-plane-that-crashed-into-a-forest.jpeg?resize=696%2C524&ssl=1\")
![\"Ralph](\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/covertactionmagazine.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/ralph-bunche.jpeg?resize=300%2C250&ssl=1\")
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/covertactionmagazine.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/word-image-65778-22.jpeg?resize=696%2C464&ssl=1\")
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/covertactionmagazine.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/word-image-65778-23.png?resize=250%2C305&ssl=1\")
![\"A](\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/covertactionmagazine.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/a-book-cover-with-a-person-in-a-suit-description.jpeg?resize=135%2C200&ssl=1\")
![\"A](\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/covertactionmagazine.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/a-person-in-a-suit-and-tie-description-automatica-10.jpeg?resize=272%2C350&ssl=1\")
![\"A](\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/covertactionmagazine.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/a-person-in-a-suit-sitting-at-a-podium-descriptio.jpeg?resize=696%2C885&ssl=1\")
![\"George](\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/covertactionmagazine.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/george-h-wittman-obituary-1929-2020-washington.jpeg?resize=375%2C500&ssl=1\")
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/covertactionmagazine.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/word-image-65778-28.jpeg?resize=696%2C498&ssl=1\")
![\"undefined\"](\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/covertactionmagazine.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/undefined-10.jpeg?resize=696%2C961&ssl=1\")
![\"undefined\"](\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/covertactionmagazine.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/undefined-11.jpeg?resize=160%2C240&ssl=1\")